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The air fuel mixture entering the cylinder is too cool to ignite. As the mixture is compressed, it heats up (heat of compression). The lower the octane value of the gasoline, the more likely it will auto-ignite as the temperature increases. There are actually two octane tests and they give different numbers. Research Octane is a low speed test, Motor Octane is a high speed test. For most gasoline blends, the motor octane number is lower that the research octane number. The number posted on the pumps in the U.S. is actually the anti knock index (AKI) and is the arithmetic average of the research and motor octane number.
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